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Rotaviruses are doublestranded RNA viruses, with a diameter of 75 nm, which is relatively large among the enteric viruses Unlike the other enteric viruses, which are generally icosahedral in shape, rotaviruses have a more complex morphologyIn a double stranded RNA form, retroviruses infect a host cell with their genome, and then are reverse transcribed into double stranded DNA, with the DNA then integrated into the home cell genome When integrated into a host genome, a retrovirus is hard to detect and can lay dormant for prolonged periods, having no discernible effect on the host5 are enveloped, single stranded, negative sense, linear RNA viruses with helical capsid structure that commonly cause Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever Filovirus được bao bọc, chuỗi đơn, cảm giác tiêu cực, virus RNA tuyến tính với cấu trúc capsid xoắn ốc thường gây sốt xuất huyết Ebola và Marburg

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Double stranded rna is found in influenza virus

Double stranded rna is found in influenza virus-Influenza A viruses are negativesense, singlestranded, segmented RNA viruses What type of nucleic acid does influenza have? In this way, is the influenza virus single stranded or double stranded?

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The dsRNA viruses represent a large, diverse group of pathogens (affecting a very wide range of host species), several of which are of medical, veterinary or agricultural importance Many of the icosahedral dsRNA viruses show striking structural and Note also that some RNA segments encode for more than one protein Both influenza A and B viruses have 8 RNA segments, while the influenza C viruses have 7 Influenza viruses are called () strand RNA viruses because of the polarity of the RNA that is carried in the virion Other RNA viruses – such as poliovirus – are () strand RNA virusesDouble stranded RNA Orthomyxoviridae (influenza virus) These genomes cannot be translated directly into protein Single strand RNA, (‐) sense ‐must be FIRST copied to make () strand mRNA that can be translated ‐always use a viral encoded, RNA‐dependent, RNA polymerase that is found INSIDE the capsid MID 30 There are no enzymes in

 Many virusencoded miRNAs have been found, which manifests that viruses as well apply the basic pattern of gene regulation, however, mostly in viruses transcribed from doublestranded DNA genomes It is still in dispute if RNA viruses could encode miRNAs because the excision of miRNA might result in the cleavage of viral RNA genome Influenza viruses are an example of an RNA virus For decades, scientists who wanted to research the genome of RNA viruses, such as influenza, had to do so using an indirect and timeconsuming method that involved first converting The nucleic acid may be single or doublestranded The entire infectious virus particle, called a virion, consists of the nucleic acid and an outer shell of protein The simplest viruses contain only enough RNA or DNA to encode four proteins Regarding this, is the influenza virus single stranded or double stranded?

 Many viruses have a replication strategy that involves doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) When such a virus infects a cell, it releases its RNA molecule A protein complex called dicer sticks to it and chops the RNA into pieces Then a biochemical pathway, called the RISC complex, starts upRetrovirus Retrovirus is an RNA virus They insert a copy of their genome into the DNA of host cells In its doublestranded RNA form, which then reverses transcribed into doublestranded DNA, and then gradually inserted into host cell The replication of the positive sense RNA viruses occurs through the doublestranded RNA intermediate Upon infection, the polyproteins encoded for the viral replication are translated The replication of the singlestranded RNA leads to the formation of RNA duplex which in turn is transcribed into singlestranded positive genomic mRNA

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 Expression of alpha/beta interferon (IFNα/β) in virusinfected vertebrate cells is a key event in the establishment of a sustained antiviral response, which is triggered by doublestranded RNA (dsRNA) produced during viral replication These antiviral cytokines initiate the expression of cellular proteins with activities that limit the replication and spread of the invading viruses The role of doublestranded RNA in induction of the acutephase response in an abortive influenza virus infection model J Infect DisAlso, is the influenza virus single stranded or double stranded?

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Fesq H, Bacher M, Nain M, Gemsa D Programmed cell death (apoptosis) in human monocytes infected by influenza A virus Immunobiology 1994 Feb;E) synthesize doublestranded RNA B A newlydiscovered doublestranded RNA virus which infects animal cells is found to contain a unique enzyme which synthesizes doublestranded RNA using an RNA template Liposomemediated immunotherapy against respiratory influenza virus infection using doublestranded RNA poly ICLC Although influenza viruses generally cause a mild malaise in healthy individuals, for the high risks populations such as the elderly, individuals with underlying chronic illnesses, influenza and its complications from secondary

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(6), a doublestranded RNA (dsRNA)–binding protein that is also known to be an activator of the dsRNAdependent protein kinase, PKR (7), and the small RNAproducing endoribonuclease, Dicer (8, 9) Several viral IFNantagonizing proteins, including Ebola virus VP35 (10), herpes simplex virus type 1 Us11 (11), severe acuteThe viral genome is packed inside a symmetric protein capsid, composed of either a single or multiple proteins, each of them is encoding a single viral geneDouble stranded RNA (dsRNA) is the genetic material of important viruses and a key component of RNA interferencebased immunity in eukaryotes Previous studies have noted difficulties in determining the sequence of dsRNA molecules that have affected studies of immune function and estimates of viral diversity in nature

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 Thus, this is one of the key differences between DNA and RNA viruses Generally, DNA genomes are larger than RNA genomes Furthermore, most DNA viruses contain doublestranded DNA while most RNA viruses contain singlestranded RNA DNA viruses show accurate replications while RNA viruses show errorprone replicationFurthermore, the viral inducer(s) of cytokines has not been defined The best candidate cytokine inducer associated with a majority of viral infections is190 (12)175–1 Galabru J, Hovanessian A Autophosphorylation of the protein kinase dependent on doublestranded RNA J Biol Chem 1987 Nov 15;

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Viral Morphology Viruses are noncellular, meaning they are biological entities that do not have a cellular structureThey therefore lack most of the components of cells, such as organelles, ribosomes, and the plasma membrane A virion consists of a nucleic acid core, an outer protein coating or capsid, and sometimes an outer envelope made of protein and phospholipid A protein found in the virulent avian influenza virus strain called H5N1 forms tiny tubules in which it "hides" the pieces of doublestranded RNA dsRNA viruses are rather interesting Having the genome encoded by dsRNA is not only weird but dangerous Because host cells don't perform RNA replication and only RNA replication yields dsRNA, detecting dsRNA in the cytoplasm is a huge red flag o

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Viruses The genomes of viruses possess unique characteristics that are not found in mammalian genomes, such as high CpG content and doublestranded RNA These genomic nucleic acids serve as molecular signatures associated with viral infections Here we show that TLR7 recognizes the singlestranded RNA viruses, vesicInfluenza viruses are called () strand RNA viruses because of the polarity of the RNA that is carried in the virion During this process, the viruses create long strings of doublestranded RNA (dsRNA), which is not found in human or other animal cells As part of their natural defenses against viral infection, human cells have proteins that latch onto dsRNA, setting off a cascade of reactions that prevents the virus from replicating itself

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 The mucosal adjuvant effect of synthetic doublestranded RNA polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid poly(IC) against influenza virus was examined under intranasal coadministration with inactivated hemagglutinin (HA) vaccine in BALB/c mice and was shown to have a protective effect against both nasalrestricted infection and lethal lung infection Unlike Rhabdoviridae members, whose RNP is singlestranded with a 3′ endbound polymerase complex, the 5′ and 3′ ends of Orthomyxoviridae RNPs are basepaired, forming a folded corkscrewlike structure 16, 21 The virus polymerase complex is bound to the doublestranded RNP terminus, and it consists of three proteins PB1 (RdRp), PB2 (cap RNA viruses mutate faster than DNA viruses, singlestranded viruses mutate faster than doublestrand virus, and genome size appears to correlate negatively with mutation rate Viral mutation rates are modulated at different levels, including polymerase fidelity, sequence context, template secondary structure, cellular microenvironment

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 Initially, Longlong and I intended to use CRISPR technology to screen the noncoding RNAs involved in influenza infections and then use small interfering RNA (siRNA) to validate the top candidates During the process, we serendipitously found that certain siRNAs, which are doublestranded, can induce a type 1 interferon response, which is theIT MIGHT sound strange to suggest that flu is, in any sense, a hereditaryRetrovirus Retrovirus is an RNA virus They insert a copy of their genome into the DNA of host cells In its doublestranded RNA form, which then reverses transcribed into doublestranded DNA, and then gradually inserted into host cell

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 Small RNA Deep Sequencing from Influenza A VirusInfected Cells Because many viruses are known to produce small RNAs that aid in aspects of their viral life cycle (31, 32), we speculated that influenza A virus also may generate such productsGiven the need for a doublestranded RNA promoter in the context of a singlestranded genome, a small RNA could serve toThe influenza A and B virus genomes each comprise eight negativesense, singlestranded viral RNA (vRNA) segments, while influenza C virus has a sevensegment genome Is influenza A genetic disease? Influenza virus , an orthomyxovirus , is an example of a negativestrand singlestranded RNA virus In other words, the virus genome is present in the virus particle as noncoding (= antisense = negativestrand) RNA The flu virus particle contains a segmented genome consisting of eight separate pieces of singlestranded RNA ranging from 0 to

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